The conclusion is that we now have a necessary and sufficient cause of addiction. While every student is different, all students are somewhere on the addiction risk continuum. Young adults use identical risk response factors. Young adult patterns differ, but they look and feel the same.
Risk response factors look like: good/bad, new/familiar control, commitment and social proof. These are strong factors on their own, extremely powerful when combined (2010, Ropeik, pp.68-69).
These factors reinforce new behavior that best satisfies risk, benefit and fear. If successful, the pattern becomes automatic and familiar. The discovery is that a dependent pattern looks and feels…